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Explore the rise and fall of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires – the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals – through insightful essays on world history. Discover the political, social, and cultural dynamics that shaped these powerful empires and their lasting impact on the world, examining their military innovations, artistic achievements, and contributions to global trade and intellectual exchange.

This study re-examines the role of the Ulama, the scholars of Islamic law and ethics, within the Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb. It investigates their influence on the legal system, their adherence to Islamic principles, and their interaction with the imperial court, shedding light on the complex relationship between religious authority and political power in 17th-century India.